I tested the heating pad that I was using as a hive heater.
FAIL!
Rolled-up inside the pipe, it only raised the temperature inside an over-turned tub by 2 degrees.
Flat, outside the pipe, it only raised the temperature inside an overturned tub by 6 degrees.
So, I got an auto mechanic’s droplight and installed a 75-watt bulb. That, inside the pipe, raised the temperature inside an over-turned tub by 13 degrees.
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